Development of a Spatial Agent-Based Model for Sustainable Orchard Management: A Study of Environmental and Economic Dynamics

Zahraa khalid

doi:https://doi.org/10.54216/AJBOR.120206

International Journal of Neutrosophic Science | 2025

Holling Type-III Functional Response Action of Predator-Prey System with Harvested Predator Stability and Their Neutrosophic Generalized Versions

This paper focuses on the stability of Descriptor Predator-Prey economic system and its related neutrosophic system of Holling type-III functional action response with harvested predator under classical real environment and neutrosophic environment. Where the solvability and dimensionless forms have been presented along with the necessary mathematical justifications and proofs with some qualitative properties have been proposed and developed with systematic illustration.

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Mohammed Kadhim Mohsin mail -

A. Y. J. Almasoodi mail -

Manar M. Shalaan mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/IJNS.260407

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 26 / Iss. Issue 4

Details open_in_new

International Journal of Neutrosophic Science | 2025

Hyperfunctions and Superhyperfunctions in Linear Programming: Foundations and Applications

A hyperfunction maps each input to a subset of outputs, generalizing classical functions to represent multi-valued or uncertain outcomes. A superhyperfunction extends this idea further by mapping sets (or sets of sets) to higher-order powerset values, thereby capturing complex hierarchical or layered uncertainties. In this paper, we explore the use of hyperfunctions and superhyperfunctions in linear programming. Specifically, we examine the Linear Objective (Profit/Cost) n-SuperHyperfunction and the Linear Utility n-SuperHyperfunction. We hope these concepts will advance both hyperfunction theory and the study of linear programming under uncertainty.

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Takaaki Fujita mail -

Maisam Jdid mail -

Florentin Smarandache mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/IJNS.260408

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 26 / Iss. Issue 4

Details open_in_new

International Journal of Neutrosophic Science | 2025

Supra Soft Continuity Via Supra Soft Omega Open Sets

This paper presents four new types of continuity in the context of supra-soft topological spaces: supra-soft ω- continuity, supra-soft ω-irresoluteness, supra-soft contra-continuity, and supra-soft contra-ω-continuity. The main contribution is the clear definitions and detailed study of these concepts, which helps us better understand how they work and how they are interconnected. We carefully examine how these new concepts connect among themselves and with analogous concepts in traditional supra-topological spaces. We also demonstrate how these different forms of continuity behave under common mathematical operations, such as composition and restriction. To make everything easier to understand, we introduce several examples that emphasize how these new concepts compare with existing, well-known concepts, giving a better picture of how continuity works in a more generalized topological settings.

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Dina Abuzaid mail -

Samer Al-Ghour mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/IJNS.260409

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 26 / Iss. Issue 4

Details open_in_new

International Journal of Neutrosophic Science | 2025

Evaluating the Impact of Insurtech-Driven Technology Risks on Insurer Performance Using a Vanilla Neutrosophic Logic Model

This study evaluates the influence of technology risks on insurance company performance through Insurtech innovation, focusing on the roles of Data Privacy (DP), Skill Gaps (SG), and Financial Risks (FR) in predicting Insurance Performance (IP). Employing a questionnaire survey approach, the research extended historical empirical studies, capturing demographic profiles and study variables measured on a 5-point Likert scale. A pilot study refined the questionnaire, achieving an 80% response rate, and minor adjustments were made to enhance clarity. The dataset included 243 responses from employees of Jordanian insurance companies, with 37 excluded due to incomplete data. Validity and reliability were assessed using Average Variance Extracted (AVE), Composite Reliability (CR), and Cronbach's Alpha, confirming the robustness of the measurement model. Multicollinearity was tested using correlation, Tolerance, and Variance Inflation Factor (VIF), with no significant issues detected. ANOVA tests were conducted to examine the impact of experience and technology level on DP, SG, FR, and IP, revealing significant differences across groups. A multiple regression model demonstrated that DP and FR positively affect IP, while SG has a negative effect. To further predict IP, the dataset was split into 80-20% and 60-40% training-test sets, and a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) model was employed. The MLP neural network model, using the Rprop method, highlights the importance of DP, SG, and FR in predicting IP, achieving an accuracy of up to 72%. These findings highlight the importance of addressing technology risks and leveraging Insurtech innovations to enhance insurance company performance, providing valuable insights for industry stakeholders and policymakers.

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Jamil J. Jaber mail -

Asma S. Alzwi mail -

Abdullah A. K. Alkhawaldeh mail -

Sami Nasser Mohammad Alhjahja mail -

Yasar Shatnawi mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/IJNS.260410

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 26 / Iss. Issue 4

Details open_in_new

International Journal of Neutrosophic Science | 2025

A New Public Key Encryption Based on Hexadecnion Algebra with Neutrosophic Integer Coefficients

HXDTRU is a multidimensional public key encryption system with sixteen encrypted data vectors at each step. In this work, we propose HXDHS, an improved version of HXDTRU based on hexadecnion algebra with neutrosophic integer coefficients, as well as a new mathematical construction includes three private keys with one public key to enhance the security and robustness of the public-key system. HXDHS is suitable for applications that require concurrent operation from multiple sources.

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Sahab Mohsen Abboud mail -

Mohammed Hassan Hamza mail -

Hassan Rashed Yassein mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/IJNS.260411

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 26 / Iss. Issue 4

Details open_in_new

International Journal of Neutrosophic Science | 2025

Optimizing Neutrosophic Inventory Management: A Comparative Analysis of XGBoost and Random Forest Models

Fuzzy sets and probabilistic methodologies have been integrated with forecasting but do not simultaneously capture the truth, indeterminacy, and falsity—really the crux of Neutrosophic Logic (NL). There is no literature investigating the incorporation of neutrosophic numbers into deep architectures, in particular into Neutrosophic Neural Networks (NNNs) for demand forecasting. This contribution fills the gap with the presentation of a Neutrosophic Neural Network (NNN) model with uncertainty explicitly included, enhancing the reliability and explain ability of demand forecasting. Deep learning-based demand forecasting strategies involving the use of Random Forest regression and XGBoosting algorithms generally do not deal with uncertainty and imprecision related with real-world demand data. The current work introduces a new model Neutrosophic Neural Network (NNN) where Neutrosophic Logic (NL) is integrated into deep learning demand forecasting. A novel neutrosophic activation function and a Neutrosophic Mean Squared Error (NMSE) loss function are proposed study, is implemented with the Random Forest regression and XGBoosting algorithms, and trained using synthetic and real-world demand data. Experimental results establish the better performance of the NNN approach about forecasting accuracy, robustness, and uncertainty handling. The sensitivity analysis also confirms the flexibility of the model with different demand patterns. The work contributes significantly towards neutrosophic deep learning and the possibility of robust and interpretable demand forecasting for supply chain and business intelligence.

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Nagarajan Deivanayagampillai mail -

Thangavel Bhuvaneswari mail -

Yasothei Suppiah mail -

Kanchana Anbalagan mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/IJNS.260412

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 26 / Iss. Issue 4

Details open_in_new

International Journal of Neutrosophic Science | 2025

Estimation of the stress–strength Reliability for Benktander Distribution

This work focuses on the estimation reliability function    where x and y are two independent Benktander distributions. The greatest likelihood's asymptotic distribution is found. The maximum likelihood estimator, the moment method estimator, and the approximate maximum likelihood estimator of are proposed. We obtain the asymptotic distribution of s maximum likelihood estimate. The  confidence interval can be found using the asymptotic distribution.

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Naser Odat mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/IJNS.260413

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 26 / Iss. Issue 4

Details open_in_new

International Journal of Neutrosophic Science | 2025

A Study on Subsequent Expansions of the Operators S(A), Algebraic Sum, and Geometric Product over IVTNFSS

In this work, subsequent expansions of the operators , algebraic sum and geometric product over IVTNFs. The first of  is called the shrinking operator and the second, which is an extension of the first, is called  - shrink operator. The membership values & the values of non-membership be not completion our for all time possible, although in the branch of IVTNFS, it plays an additional significant character at this time, since the interval valued temporal neutrosophic fuzzy sets provides the best solution for finding the shortest distance in deciding one's career, judgment making and image processing and many more areas. Especially in medical diagnosis, when using this concept, there is a real chance that there will be a non-zero fraction of hesitation at any point in the assessment.

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K. Rajesh mail -

Nasreen kausar mail -

M. Kaviyarasu mail -

Behzad Omidi Koma mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/IJNS.260414

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 26 / Iss. Issue 4

Details open_in_new

International Journal of Neutrosophic Science | 2025

Finite-Time Stability in the Discrete Sel’kov-Schnakenberg Reaction-Diffusion Model: Analytical Analysis and Numerical Simulations

This study investigates the finite-time stability (FTS) of the discrete Sel’kov-Schnakenberg reaction-diffusion (SSRD) system, a mathematical model capturing the interplay between local reactions and spatial diffusion. A novel discretization framework based on finite difference methods (FDM) is developed to transform the continuous reaction-diffusion (RD) system into a discrete counterpart, enabling detailed computational analysis. Sufficient conditions for FTS are derived using Lyapunov functions (LF) and eigenvalue-based methods, ensuring precise predictions of the system’s behavior. Numerical simulations validate theoretical findings, demonstrating the proposed methods’ practical applicability to scenarios such as chemical reactions, biological processes, and technological systems. The influence of system parameters, boundary conditions, and initial conditions on the dynamic behavior is systematically analyzed. This study contributes to the broader understanding of RD systems, addressing key challenges in stability analysis and offering a computationally efficient framework with implications for science and engineering.

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Salam Alnabulsi mail -

wael mahmoud mohammad salameh mail -

Issam Bendib mail -

Ahmad A. Abubaker mail -

Adel Ouannas mail -

Abdallah Al-Husban mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/IJNS.260415

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 26 / Iss. Issue 4

Details open_in_new

American Journal of Business and Operations Research | 2025

Development of a Spatial Agent-Based Model for Sustainable Orchard Management: A Study of Environmental and Economic Dynamics

The palm orchards resource is one of the most important economic sources of advantage for the southern and central regions of Iraq. Trees and products obtained from their processing are used in many areas of human life, for example, furniture of various specifications, household and interior items, construction, chemistry, etc. Orchards themselves are also important ecosystems and a necessary element when creating safe living conditions for humans (processing carbon dioxide into oxygen) and plants and animals living in them. Irrational clearing of orchards and trees can not only lead to disruptions in the economic systems of enterprises, but also have a disastrous impact on the health of people living in these territories. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to formalize the system of interaction between objects of the horticultural industry and arable land, which in turn will make it possible to create an effective and rational model of logging at the level of an individual territorial entity. The relationships developed by the authors can be used for a simulation modeling system based on one of the active approaches in development - agent-based modeling. To solve the mentioned problem, general scientific methods such as generalization, systematization, logical-inductive deductions, analysis, scientific synthesis method, etc. were used to determine the specific numerical characteristics of the simulated objects, their parameters and variables. Methods and tools of mathematical statistics were used, tested because of regional statistics of the orchard industry in the Basra region. The results obtained will be useful for forming computer models of orchard management at the regional level, which in turn will allow one to calculate the optimal number of participants in a particular economic direction, and will show the dynamics in which the orchard area will be restored after the removal of orchards. The work carried out by the authors of the study may be of interest to various specialists of the executive authorities involved in the regulation of laws and rights in the forestry sector; commercial enterprises trying to rationalize their activities, while achieving maximum economic returns and efficiency and causing minimal harm to the environment; as well as subject specialists working in the direction of modeling effective simulation systems.

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Zahraa khalid Gaafar mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/AJBOR.120206

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 12 / Iss. Issue 2

Details open_in_new